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incapacity benefit
Incapacity Benefit (IB) was a United Kingdom state benefit that was paid between 1995 and 2014. The benefit was paid to those below the State Pension age who could not work because of illness or disability and had made National insurance contributions. It was administered by Jobcentre Plus (an executive agency of the Department for Work and Pensions). The benefit began to be phased out when the Welfare Reform Act 2007 introduced Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) as a replacement benefit in 2008. Declining numbers of claimants continued to receive the benefit until 2014.
==History==
Income supplement for UK citizens suffering from long-term disability was introduced in 1971 under the title of Invalidity Benefit; payments increased substantially in the 1980s, and it was suggested by some that this was the result of a deliberate attempt to encourage take-up by the Thatcher government, elected on the slogan "Labour Isn't Working" but now anxious at a steepening rise in unemployment.〔See http://www.dpac.uk.net/tag/invalidity-benefit/〕 However it has also been argued that the real cause of the rise in numbers was the increase in the value of Incapacity Benefit compared to unemployment benefits that took place in the 1970s during the governments led by Edward Heath and Harold Wilson.〔"The Welfare State We're In" by James Bartholomew (Politicos 2004 and 2006 and Biteback 2013)〕
In 1995 Incapacity Benefit replaced Invalidity Benefit and Sickness Benefit and in 2008 was in its turn replaced by Employment and Support Allowance for new claimants. In 2010 the United Kingdom's new Coalition government announced that it intended to re-assess all Incapacity Benefit claimants and transfer any who are fully capable of work to Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/409088/pfg_coalition.pdf )〕 In April 2011 a rolling program began under which all existing Incapacity Benefit claimants were re-assessed using the Work Capability Assessment (WCA). Claimants deemed to have a limited capability for work were to be transferred to the new benefit. Those who passed the assessment were moved to ESA. Those who failed were disqualified from both ESA and IB, though they were able to apply for JSA if they satisfied its conditions. Nevertheless, many individuals continued receive Incapacity Benefit during this period until their claims were re-assessed. The conversion process took until March 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=www.disabilityalliance.org )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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